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<title>PVLAS</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PVLAS</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>PVLAS</b> (<b>Polarizzazione del Vuoto con LASer</b>, "polarization of the vacuum with laser") aims to carry out a test of <a href="Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> and possibly detect <a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> at the Department of Physics and <a href="Istituto_Nazionale_di_Fisica_Nucleare" title="Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare">National Institute of Nuclear Physics</a> in <a href="Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It searches for <a href="Vacuum_polarization" title="Vacuum polarization">vacuum polarization</a> causing nonlinear optical behavior in magnetic fields. Experiments began in 2001 at the INFN <a href="Laboratori_Nazionali_di_Legnaro" title="Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro">Laboratory in Legnaro</a> (Padua, Italy) and continue today with new equipment.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>Nonlinear electrodynamic effects in vacuum have been predicted since the earliest days of <a href="Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> (QED), a few years after the discovery of <a href="Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a>. One such effect is vacuum magnetic birefringence, closely connected to elastic light-by-light interaction. The effect is extremely small and has never yet been observed directly.

Although today QED is a very well-tested theory, the importance of detecting light-by-light interaction remains. First, QED has always been tested in the presence of charged particles either in the initial state or the final state. No tests exist in systems with only photons. More generally, no interaction has ever been observed directly with only gauge bosons present in the initial and final states. Second, to date, the evidence for zero-point quantum fluctuations relies entirely on the observation of the <a href="Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir effect</a>, which applies to photons only. PVLAS deals with the fluctuations of virtual charged particle-antiparticle pairs (of any nature, including hypothetical <a href="Millicharged_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Millicharged particle">millicharged particles</a>) and therefore the structure of fermionic quantum vacuum: to leading order, it would be a direct detection of loop diagrams. Finally, the observation of light-by-light interaction would be an evidence of the breakdown of the superposition principle and of <a href="Maxwell's_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>. One important consequence of a nonlinearity is that the velocity of light would depend on the presence or not of other electromagnetic fields. PVLAS carries out its search by looking at changes in the polarisation state of a <a href="Linear_polarization" title="Linear polarization">linearly polarised</a> <a href="Laser_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser beam">laser beam</a> after it passes through a <a href="Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> with an intense <a href="Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birefringence of the vacuum in <a href="Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> by an external field is generally credited to <a href="Stephen_L._Adler" title="Stephen L. Adler">Stephen L. Adler</a>, who presented the first general derivation in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(71)90154-0">Photon splitting and photon dispersion in a strong magnetic field</a> in 1971. Experimental investigation of the photon splitting in atomic field<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was carried out at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/hw/rokk1m/index.ru.htm">ROKK-1</a> facility at the <a href="Budker_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics">Budker institute</a> in 1993-96.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>PVLAS uses a high-finesse Fabry-Perot optical cavity. The first setup, used until 2005, sent a linearly polarized laser beam through vacuum with 5T magnetic field from a superconducting magnet to an ellipsometer. After upgrades to avoid fringe fields, several runs were done at 2.3T and 5T, excluding a prior claim of <a href="Axion" title="Axion">axion</a> detection. It was determined that an optimized optical setup was needed for discovery potential. A prototype with much improved sensitivity was tested in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the upgraded apparatus at INFN Ferrara with permanent magnets and horizontal ellipsometer was set up<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began data taking in 2014

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div>

<p>PVLAS investigated vacuum polarization induced by external magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An observation of the rotation of light polarization by the vacuum in a magnetic field was published in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data taken with an upgraded setup excluded the previous magnetic rotation in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set limits on <a href="Photon-photon_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Photon-photon scattering">photon-photon scattering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An improved limit on nonlinear vacuum effects was set in 2012:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A<sub>e</sub> < 2.9·10<sup>−21</sup> T<sup>−2</sup> @ 95% C.L.

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<li><a href="DAMA/LIBRA" title="DAMA/LIBRA">DAMA/LIBRA</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pvlas.ts.infn.it"><i>PVLAS website</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213220905/http://pvlas.ts.infn.it/">Archived</a> 2013-12-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) – Trieste</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.cern/about/experiments/osqar"><i>OSQAR experiment</i></a> – CERN</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/experiments/1110297">PVLAS experiment</a> record on <a href="INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Dark_matter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Forms of<br>dark matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baryonic_dark_matter" title="Baryonic dark matter">Baryonic dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">Cold dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuzzy_cold_dark_matter" title="Fuzzy cold dark matter">Fuzzy cold dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_dark_matter" title="Hot dark matter">Hot dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_dark_matter" title="Light dark matter">Light dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_dark_matter" title="Mixed dark matter">Mixed dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_dark_matter" title="Warm dark matter">Warm dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-interacting_dark_matter" title="Self-interacting dark matter">Self-interacting dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial black holes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Hypothetical particles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li>

<li><a href="Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li>

<li><a href="Minicharged_particle" title="Minicharged particle">Minicharged particle</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li>

<li><a href="Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Theories<br>and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cuspy_halo_problem" title="Cuspy halo problem">Cuspy halo problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_globular_cluster" title="Dark globular cluster">Dark globular cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwarf_galaxy_problem" title="Dwarf galaxy problem">Dwarf galaxy problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Halo_mass_function" title="Halo mass function">Halo mass function</a></li>

<li>Mass dimension one fermions</li>

<li><a href="Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">Massive compact halo object</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirror_matter" title="Mirror matter">Mirror matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Navarro%E2%80%93Frenk%E2%80%93White_profile" title="Navarro–Frenk–White profile">Navarro–Frenk–White profile</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Search<br>experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Direct<br>detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ANAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ANAIS">ANAIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_Low-Energy_Astrophysics_with_Neon" title="Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon">CLEAN</a></li>

<li><a href="CoGeNT" title="CoGeNT">CoGeNT</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Invisible_Mass_Search#COSINE" title="Korea Invisible Mass Search">COSINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_Observatory_for_Signatures_Seen_in_Next-Generation_Underground_Searches" title="Cryogenic Observatory for Signatures Seen in Next-Generation Underground Searches">COSINUS</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO" title="PICO">COUPP</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_Rare_Event_Search_with_Superconducting_Thermometers" title="Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers">CRESST</a></li>

<li><a href="CUORE" title="CUORE">CUORE</a></li>

<li><a href="DAMA/LIBRA" title="DAMA/LIBRA">DAMA/LIBRA</a></li>

<li>DAMIC</li>

<li><a href="DarkSide_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="DarkSide (dark matter experiment)">DarkSide</a></li>

<li>DARWIN</li>

<li><a href="Dark_Matter_Time_Projection_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber">DMTPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Directional_Recoil_Identification_from_Tracks" title="Directional Recoil Identification from Tracks">DRIFT</a></li>

<li><a href="EDELWEISS" title="EDELWEISS">EDELWEISS</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Underground_Rare_Event_Calorimeter_Array" title="European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array">EURECA</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopole%2C_Astrophysics_and_Cosmic_Ray_Observatory" title="Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory">MACRO</a></li>

<li>MIMAC</li>

<li><a href="UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration#Experiments" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">NAIAD</a></li>

<li>NEWAGE</li>

<li><a href="PandaX" title="PandaX">PandaX</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO" title="PICO">PICASSO</a></li>

<li><a href="ROSEBUD" class="mw-redirect" title="ROSEBUD">ROSEBUD</a></li>

<li><a href="DAMA/LIBRA#SABRE" title="DAMA/LIBRA">SABRE</a></li>

<li><a href="SIMPLE_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="SIMPLE (dark matter experiment)">SIMPLE</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">UKDMC</a></li>

<li><a href="XENON" title="XENON">XENON</a></li>

<li><a href="XMASS" title="XMASS">XMASS</a></li>

<li><a href="ZEPLIN-III" title="ZEPLIN-III">ZEPLIN</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Indirect<br>detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ANTARES_(telescope)" title="ANTARES (telescope)">ANTARES</a></li>

<li><a href="Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li>

<li><a href="IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a></li>

<li><a href="MAGIC_(telescope)" title="MAGIC (telescope)">MAGIC</a></li>

<li><a href="PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MultiDark" title="MultiDark">MultiDark</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Potential <a href="Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">dark galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Smith's_Cloud" title="Smith's Cloud">Smith's Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="VIRGOHI21" title="VIRGOHI21">VIRGOHI21</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li>

<li><a href="Tachyon#Mass" title="Tachyon">Imaginary mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_mass" title="Negative mass">Negative mass</a></li>

<li><a href="UniverseMachine" title="UniverseMachine">UniverseMachine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dark_matter" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Dark matter">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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